Fault propagation behavior study and root cause reasoning with dynamic Bayesian network based framework

The Bhopal disaster was a gas leak incident in India, considered the world's worst industrial disaster happened around process facilities. Nowadays the process facilities in petrochemical industries have becoming increasingly large and automatic. There are many risk factors with complex relationships among them. Unfortunately, some operators have poor access to abnormal situation management experience due to the lack of knowledge. However these interdependencies are seldom accounted for in current risk and safety analyses, which also belonged to the main factor causing Bhopal tragedy. Fault propagation behavior of process system is studied in this paper, and a dynamic Bayesian network based framework for root cause reasoning is proposed to deal with abnormal situation. It will help operators to fully understand the relationships among all the risk factors, identify the causes that lead to the abnormal situations, and consider all available safety measures to cope with the situation. Examples from a case study for process facilities are included to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. It also provides a method to help us do things better in the future and to make sure that another such terrible accident never happens again.     

天线测量微波暗室设计思路

介绍了天线测量微波暗室的作用以及建设微波暗室的必要性。提出了建设微波暗室的设计思路,结合实践经验给出了微波暗室的结构和性能设计方法,并为微波暗室的设计提供了参考数据和经验公式。     

崇明东滩表层沉积物重金属空间分布特征及其污染评价

以崇明东滩潮间带表层沉积物为研究对象,在粒度分析、重金属以及有机碳含量测定的基础上,采用ArcGIS中的地统计分析模块研究了重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd的空间分布格局,应用克里金法进行空间插值作图,估算了沉降通量,并运用地质累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对重金属污染现状进行了评价.结果表明:①目前崇明东滩重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd含量平均值分别为42、27、69、71、0.23μg.g-1,均超过上海潮滩背景值,且受沉积物粒径分布和有机碳的影响,重金属含量呈现自岸向海和自北向南下降的趋势;②崇明东滩重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd的年沉降量分别为187、121、395、312、1.04 t,总沉积通量为11 g.(m2.a)-1,反映崇明东滩仍具有较强的重金属污染物"过滤器"功能;③重金属污染状况总体为清洁,但Cd、Pb和Cu的污染程度相对较高.     

大气中丙烷光氧化臭氧生成活性的烟雾箱模拟

利用自制光化学烟雾箱模拟了丙烷和NOx大气光化学反应,研究了相对湿度以及丙烷与NOx初始浓度比值对臭氧生成的影响.实验表明,臭氧最大值及丙烷的臭氧生成活性最大值(IRmax)都随相对湿度的增大而减小.低相对湿度时,臭氧最大值大约出现在反应的22 h,IRmax变化范围为0.023 1～0.039 1;而高相对湿度时,臭氧最大值大约出现在反应的16 h,IRmax变化范围为0.017 2～0.032 0.在反应的20 h内,前12 h内相对湿度对丙酮的生成量影响不大,12 h后低相对湿度时丙酮生成量更大.在实验的4～20 h内,相对湿度为17%时,丙酮浓度为153×10-9～364×10-9;而相对湿度为62%时,丙酮浓度为167×10-9～302×10-9.臭氧最大值随着丙烷与NOx初始浓度比值增加而减少,在低相对湿度时线性负相关性更好.另外,还利用了MCM丙烷子机制对反应进行了数值模拟,并与实验结果进行比较,发现两者还存在较大的偏差.     

重庆南山表层岩溶泉与地下河三氮运移及氮通量估算

岩溶区特殊的地质构造使地下水系统存在多重水流.为研究三氮在表层岩溶带水流和地下河水流中的特征和运移方式,选取城市化进程中的重庆南山老龙洞地下河流域表层岩溶泉和地下河按月采样,分析水化学特征,结合SPSS的相关性分析,认为两种水流三氮特征差异很大.表层岩溶泉三氮质量浓度月变化小,受降水、污水影响较小,NO_3~--NNH_4~+-N;地下河水三氮质量浓度月变化大,受降水、污水影响较大,旱季NH_4~+-NNO_3~--N,雨季NO_3~--NNH_4~+-N.表层岩溶泉DIN主要来源于与农业活动有关的非点源污染,在土壤、表层岩溶带中经氨化、吸附、硝化作用等过程以扩散流形式运移至出露地表.地下河DIN随管道流、扩散流运移,并以管道流为主.DIN全年有点源的工业、生活污染物经落水洞、裂隙、溶隙进入.雨季同时存在占更大比例的非点源污染物,或由降雨产生的表面坡流、壤中流、表层岩溶带水流经落水洞进入,或经深裂隙、溶隙下渗进入,硝化作用明显.流域DIN输出通量为56.05 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),其中NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N分别占46.03%、52.51%;根据径流分割法估算出点源污染、非点源污染的贡献率分别为25.08%、74.92%.     

香溪河沉积物、间隙水的磷分布特征及释放通量估算

采集香溪河沿程5个样点不同季节、不同深度的沉积物,用Hedley分级方法分析磷形态及垂向变化特征,同时研究上覆水和间隙水理化性质对沉积物中磷释放的影响.香溪河上覆水及间隙水pH值范围为4.72~8.55,夏季呈弱酸性,秋季、冬季及次年春季pH值呈弱碱性;沉积物处于较强还原性环境;上覆水及间隙水总磷质量浓度(TP)年变化范围为0.02~0.48mg·L~(-1),沉积物TP含量为0.48~1.45 g·kg~(-1);沉积物中磷形态的含量为HCl-P(HCl提取态)Res-P(残余磷)NaOH-P(NaOH提取态磷)NaHCO_3-P(NaHCO_3提取态磷)H_2O-P(水提取态磷).沉积物-上覆水体交界面还原性环境有利于沉积物中磷向上覆水中释放;春季水体的弱碱性、夏季的弱酸性有利于沉积物向上覆水释磷,从而增加了上覆水体富营养化的风险;间隙水TP与沉积物TP含量密切相关;5个样点中有4个样点的PO_4~(3-)-P由间隙水向上覆水扩散,释放通量为0.01~0.04mg·(m~2·d)~(-1).沉积物是底层水体营养盐的重要来源.     

电子辐照下聚酰亚胺材料表面充电特性研究

目的研究多因素条件下航天用典型介质材料聚酰亚胺表面充电特性。方法利用空间介质材料表面带电地面模拟实验系统,以电子枪辐照材料模拟空间带电环境中航天器材料表面带电过程,以航天器上常用的介质材料聚酰亚胺为研究对象,研究不同电子能量、不同束流密度和不同厚度下聚酰亚胺表面充电特性。结果聚酰亚胺表面电位随着电子能量、束流密度和厚度的增大而增大,电子能量越高,束流密度越大,聚酰亚胺表面充电平衡时间越短。结论航天器介质材料表面带电程度与空间带电环境的电子能量、束流密度和介质材料本身结构紧密相连,研究多因素作用下航天用典型介质材料表面充电特性,将为航天器带电防护设计提供数据支持。     

绿肥间作和秸秆覆盖对冬季油菜根际土壤有机碳及土壤呼吸的影响

在全球变暖的大背景下,农田土壤呼吸成为农业碳排放的主要途径,而绿肥对抑制温室气体排放、实现节能减排有巨大潜力.在我国西南紫色土地区,有关绿肥间作条件下的农田土壤呼吸特征尚不明确.通过绿肥紫云英与油菜间作,重点研究了秸秆覆盖条件下紫云英与油菜间作对冬季油菜根际土壤有机碳及土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明,与秸秆覆盖相比,隔根方式成为影响油菜根际土壤有机碳含量的主要因素,绿肥间作使油菜根际土壤有机碳含量显著降低;秸秆覆盖可促进油菜田间土壤呼吸,而绿肥间作抑制了油菜田间土壤呼吸,土壤呼吸受油菜生育阶段影响较大,呈现出先下降后升高再下降的总体特征,且与土壤温度之间表现出回归式抛物线关系,根际呼吸在油菜生长后期成为土壤呼吸的主要成分.     

无机陶瓷膜MBR处理己内酰胺生产废水

采用无机陶瓷膜分离装置对己内酰胺生产废水处理工艺中的初沉池出水进行泥水分离.实验结果表明:无机陶瓷膜分离装置能有效去除废水中的悬浮物和COD,悬浮物去除率达90％以上,出水悬浮物质量浓度在1 mg/L以下；COD去除率为70％以上,出水COD在100 mg/L以下；采用质量分数为5％的NaOH溶液能对无机陶瓷膜分离装置...     

Non-controlled biogenic emissions to the atmosphere from Lazareto landfill, Tenerife, Canary Islands

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: [corrected] Historically, landfills have been the simplest form of eliminating urban solid waste with the minimum cost. They have been the most usual method for discarding solid waste. However, landfills are considered authentic biochemical reactors that introduce large amounts of contaminants into the environment in the form of gas and leachates. The dynamics of generation and the movement of gas in landfills depend on the input and output parameters, as well as on the structure of the landfill and the kind of waste. The input parameters include water introduced through natural or artificial processes, the characteristics of the urban solid waste, and the input of atmospheric air. The main output parameters for these biochemical reactors include the gases and the leachates that are potentially pollutants for the environment. Control systems are designed and installed to minimize the impact on the environment. However, these systems are not perfect and a significant amount of landfill gas could be released to the atmosphere through the surface in a diffuse form, also known as Non-controlled emission. In this paper, the results of the Non-controlled biogenic gas emissions from the Lazareto landfill in Tenerife, Canary Islands, are presented. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the concentration of CH4 and CO2 in the soil gas of the landfill cover, the CH4 and CO2 efflux from the surface of the landfill and, finally, to compare these parameters with other similar landfills. In this way, a better understanding of the process that controls biogenic gas emissions in landfills is expected. METHODS: A Non-controlled biogenic gas emission survey of 281 sampling sites was carried out during February and March, 2002. The sampling sites were selected in order to obtain a well-distributed sampling grid. Surface landfill CO2 efflux measurements were carried out at each sampling site on the surface landfill together with soil gas collection and ground temperatures at a depth of 30-40 cm.The CH4 efflux was computed from CO2 efflux and from the ratio CH4/CO2 in the soil gas. Soil gas samples were collected at a depth of 30-40 cm using a metallic probe and 20 cc hypodermic syringes, and later stored in evacuated 10 cc vacutainers for laboratory analysis of bulk composition. The gas sample was introduced in a vacutainer filled with deionized water and displacing the water until the vacutainer was filled with the gas sample in order to avoid air contamination from entering. The surface landfill temperature of the landfill was measured at a depth of 40 cm using a digital thermometer type OMEGA 871A. Landfill gases, CO2 and CH4, were analyzed within 24 hours using a double channel VARIAN micro-GC QUAD CP-2002P, with a 10 meter PORAPLOT-Q column, a TCD detector, and He as a carrier gas. The analysis temperature was 40 degrees C and the injection time was 10 msec. Surface landfill CO2 efflux measurements were performed using a portable NDIR spectrophotometer Licor-800 according to the accumulation chamber method (Chiodini et al. 1996). The data treatment, aimed at drawing the flux map and computing the total gas output, was based on the application of stochastic simulation algorithms provided by the GSLIB program (Deutsch and Journel 1998). RESULTS: Diffuse CH4 and CO2 efflux values range from negligible values up to 7,148 and 30,573 g m(-2) d(-1), respectively. The spatial distribution of the concentration and efflux of CO2, CH4 and soil temperature, show three areas of maximum activity in the landfill, suggesting a non-uniform pattern of diffuse degassing. This correlation between high emissions and concentration of CO2, CH4 and soil temperatures suggests that the areas of higher microbial activity and exothermic reactions are releasing CO2 and CH4 to the atmosphere from the landfill. Taking into consideration the spatial distribution of the CO2 and CH4 efflux values as well as the extension of the landfill, the Non-controlled emission of CO2 and CH4 to the atmosphere by the Lazareto's landfill are of 167 +/- 13.3 and 16 +/- 2.5 t d(-1), respectively. DISCUSSION: The patterns of gas flow within the landfill seem to be affected by boundary materials at the sides. The basalt layers have a low permeability and the gas flow in these areas is extensive. In this area, where a basalt layer does not exist, the flow gas diffuses toward the sea and the flux emissions at the landfill surface are lower. This behavior reflects the possible dissolution of gases into water and the deflection of gases towards the surface at the basalt boundary. The proximity to the sea, the installation of a palm tree garden and, as a result, the contribution of water coming from the watering of this garden has reactivated the system. The introduction of sea water into the landfill and the type of boundary could be defining the superficial gas discharges. CONCLUSIONS: Results from this study indicate that the spatial distribution of Non-controlled emission of CO2 and CH4 at the Lazareto's landfill shows a non-uniform pattern of diffuse degassing. The northeast, central and northwest areas of the Lazareto's landfill are the three areas of high emissions and concentration of CO2 and CH4, and high temperatures. The correlation between high emissions and the concentration of CO2, CH4, and the high temperatures suggest that the areas of higher microbial activity and exothermic reactions are releasing more CO2 and CH4 to the atmosphere from the landfill. A high concentration of CO2 is probably due to the presence of methanotrophic bacteria in the soil atmosphere of the landfill. Patterns of gas flow within the landfill seem to be affected by boundary materials (basalt layers) of low permeability, and side boundaries of the flux emissions at the surface are higher. At the sides of seawater and sediment boundaries, flux emissions at the landfill surface are lower. This behavior reflects a possible dissolution of gases into the water and the deflection of gases towards the surface at the basalt boundary. With this study, we can compare the data obtained in this landfill with other landfills and observe the different levels of emission. The proximity to the sea and the installation of the palm tree garden palms and, as a result, the contribution of water coming from the watering of this garden has reactivated the system. Many landfills worldwide located in similar settings could experience similar gas production processes. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: The need for investigating and monitoring sea water and sediment quality in these landfills is advisable. Concentrations and fluxes of contaminants and their impact in the area should be assessed. With this study we can compare the data obtained in these landfills with other landfills and observe the different levels of emission.